new model of master of philosophy in physiological sciences

The objectives of Master of Philosophy [MPhil] in Physiological Sciences are: 1] to describe the new ways in which anatomy, biochemistry and physiology on one hand, and microbiology, pathology and pharmacology on other hand meet their functional requirements through multidisciplinary integrated concepts; 2] to elucidate relationships between cell biology, molecular biology and molecular genetics by connecting dots of how cell functions are driven by molecules and being controlled by genes. This forms the basis of cell, molecular and genetics [CMG] module upon which 7 multidisciplinary modules of Physiological Sciences follow; 3] these 24 credit hours provide the physiological basis for PhD studies as well as faculty development to enhance learning abilities of medical student; 4] the modules constitute Cardio- Respiratory Physiological Sciences, GI and Renal Physiological Sciences, Neurosciences, Endo-Reproductive Physiological Sciences.; 5] it has integrated microbiology, pathology and pharmacology in a unique way through CMG of microbes leading to associated pathology and mechanisms of prescribed drugs; 6] it has additional synopsis and thesis friendly course work leading to comprehensive examinations; 7] the year two deals with research work of 6 credit hours leading to defense of thesis; 8] The MPhil in Physiological Sciences is fundamentally different from what is being offered elsewhere. It prepares and offers a good spring board to dovetail PhD studies as well as faculty and institutional development. This is the first study that deals with innovative programmes in research, learning and education in the field of physiological sciences. This broad-based MPhil would make its recipients competent, critical, confident and productive learner. This is a completely unique design of a curriculum that has no comparable examples elsewhere. Our mission is to educate graduate students in the field of Physiological Sciences such that they have a complete grasp over the broad-based integrated concepts of basic health sciences. Upon completion of their education, the students will be able to use the duality of imagination and skepticism. Hence, the students will contribute to their fields by unfolding their creative energy

Ventricular peptides and cardiac function

Seventeen and a half million deaths occur every year due to cardiovascular diseases across the world and one in three deaths in the world are caused by cardiovascular diseases such as, heart attack or heart failure according to WHO. Improved diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with the left ventricular dysfunction can help in preventing the major cause of death. This article review was the results of recent clinical studies relating to various heart diseases with the ventricular cardiac peptides such as B-type natriuretic peptide [BNP] and amino terminal B-type natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP] levels as potential markers of diastolic and systolic left ventricular dysfunction. Sources of Data/Study selection: Data from survey reports, descriptive, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies published between 1981-2011 on the topic were included. Data searches based on human and animal studies were included. Data Extraction: The data was extracted from online resources of World Heart Failure Society, Heart Failure Society of America, World Heart Federation, The MEDLINE, the internet [e-medicine, medscape resource centre]. Analysis of these ventricular peptides appears to be a potential approach for elucidation of the pathophysiology of the heart

How do the intercept and the gain of the dyspnea-heart rate relationship respond to exercise in cardiac patients?

To study the dyspnea-heart rate relationship in patients with a positive exercise tolerance testing [ETT] and to compare it with normal healthy controls who had a negative ETT. This was a matched case-control study, in which all patients and their controls underwent an ETT [Bruce protocol] at the Cardiopulmonary Diagnostics Laboratory of a tertiary health care facility. Twenty two male patients, who tested positive on an ETT, were taken as cases and their dyspnea profile was measured during the ETT using the Borg scale. Age, sex and body mass index matched healthy subjects who tested negative on the ETT were recruited as controls and underwent similar dyspnea assessment. Regression analysis of the dyspnea/heart rate relationship was performed to calculate the slope and intercept for every patient and these were compared with the values of the respective controls. The dyspnea/heart rate relationship in patients was found to be linear. The mean intercept [ +/- SEM] was significantly lower in patients when compared with controls; 100.68 +/- 5.25 beats min-1 in patients compared with 113.14 +/- 3.51 beats min-1 in controls [p=0.005]. However, the slope did not show any significant difference between patients and controls. Changes in dyspnea, in this group of patients, is translated via modulation of the intercept [threshold] of the dyspnea/heart rate relationship

Interaction of beta2-agonists and volume history in asthmatics and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

This cross sectional study is aimed [a] to dissect out the beta2-agonit response from volume history [VH] respons in asthmatics and chronic obstrutive pulmonary disease [COPD] patients, [b] to find out whether or not VH response of ariway resistance could be an indicator of the relationship between the airway and lung parenchymal hysteresis. The response of airway resistance' [Raw] as an indicator of airway tone was continously recorded to vairous degree of volume history before and 10 minutes after inhalation of 200 microgram salbutamol [beta2] in 25 asthmatics, 25 COPD patients and 25 healthy volunteers as controls. Important findings from this study are: [a] in athmatics, VH alone decreased the average Raw by 28%. Beta2 decreased it by 39% while VH + beta2 decreased it by 50%. However, 6 asthmatics out of 25 shwoed a bronchoconstrictor response to VH. [b] In Patients with COPD, Raw response to VH, beta2 and VH + beta2 was evaluated to be 20, 12 and 12% respectively. However, 9 COPD patients out of 25 showed brochoconstrictor response to VH. [c] In controls, Raw response to VH, beta2 and VH + beta2 was found to be 45, 5 and 48% respectively. This study shows that both VH and beta2 responses of Raw are additive in controls as well asthmatics. However, such an effect is markedly reduced in patients with COPD. It may be proposed that VH response of Raw could be considered as an indicator of relative airway and lung parenchymal hysteresis determining the degree of airway tone